Information Systems for Managers

The pace of revolution of information technology is fast and has become even faster over the last decades. Consequently, many businesses have embraced the developments in information technology in a bid to avoid being looked out from the world of technology. One of the latest result based management practices is through the use of information systems in a business.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Information Systems for Managers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The role in which information systems play in management of a business is of great significance to the success of any businesses enterprise operating in the current world. Furthermore, it is worth noting that information systems are designed for collection, processing, retrieving, and distributing information in a business. This helps to speed up the process of management and delegation of duties within a chain of command. Studies show that the cu rrent competitive business world requires organizations to have information systems to ease and speedup up the flow of information to many individuals. The core functions of information system for managers are solving problems, which arise in a business model. In addition, information systems help in enterprise management and development of new products in a business. However, information systems are designed to be used by people in strategic departments according to the structure and operation of a business entity. This is because every information system is developed for a specific function such as manufacturing, accounting, and marketing and human resource management. These systems help to simplify human labor and time, which is needed in a business operation. Arguably, the implementation of information systems in a business is a non-debatable issue (Gilman and Carl 56). Business managers should also be keen to change their systems in line the recent innovations. This is due to t he fact that systems change very fast and thus likely to affect the operation of a business. Moreover, information systems should be integrated with the global networks so as to receive the newest and latest updates on the technology. This is because global information is very important for global decision making in a business. Nevertheless, information systems also benefit marketing departments. They provide managers with information about consumer needs thus contributing to designing of products for consumer’s preference. To adjudge, managers should embrace information technology through implementation of information systems, which will eventually lead to a good and better output (Daft 164).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Technology trend: Digitization One of Moore’s law states that the power of computing and bandwidth communication has become cheap in a way that it should be taken as disposable. Moore’s law has huge impacts in the world of technology. To begin with, the there are many silicon inventions today which have been created to enhance flow of information. Furthermore, the world has been made a global village in terms of flow of information using the digital technology. Electronics have been integrated each day thus helping to change many operations in the world. As a matter of fact, many organizations and business have not been left out in this change. That is the reason why many businesses have merged in the wake of the new technology (Huber 123). Information flow has been made easier through use of information technology. This has been made easier using the information systems, which have enhanced a faster flow of information from one person to the other. The digital convergence has affected many industries such as the telecom industry, computer industry, media industry, and others. This has resulted to impr ovements in mobility of data and information, connection of internet and electronic business. One of the changes, which have occurred within digital convergence era, is the ability of information to reach many individuals in a short period of time. As a matter of fact, information can be processed and be distributed around the globe within a short period of time. Through connectivity of internet many people are enriched with information at their locations within the shortest time possible (Kurtz 199). Due to the changed digital technology from analog technology, the enhancement of supply of information into markets, which has demand, has increased. Managers and other business owners have also benefited from the current technologies to find new consumers thus increasing their annual returns in their business. For instance, the media industry is one, which has benefited from the current developments of information technology. This is because through digitization, the media can have ma ny consumers all over the world to supply information thus get huge returns. Economic analysts argue that this has become a world of scarce information. This is because of the mere fact that every individual is in search for the newest information (Schultz 12).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Information Systems for Managers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Digital technologies have transformed the information systems into important systems in the world. Through the digital technologies, it is easier to analyze information and transform it into useful information. The second stage after analysis of information is the choices stage. Managers are now able to make rational decisions, which are based on the information, which has been collected. Nevertheless, using the information systems, it is possible for managers to realize the loopholes, which exist in a business model. This shall help to control data and information, which circulate within a business circle. However, through the interconnectivity of systems, it is possible for business managers to get information about their consumers in the marker almost free. This can help to improve planning of products and other consumer essentials (Gilman and Carl 56). The present global economic situation is characterized by new trends in the marker. For instance, through digital technology, it is now possible to have electronic markets, which shall enhance flow of information. The electronic markets are very effective because they enhance delivery of products to the final consumers without wastage of time. Electronic markets have become the latest form of business, which are substitutes for larger corporations and organizations within an economy. This is why marketing and sales departments are focused on the markets in order to tap the potentials they have. Moreover, the mechanisms for value exchange have also changed tremendously thus ch anging business transactions. Managers should explore internet connections with the consumers who are connected to the internet all over the globe. Electronic markets have improved ordering efficiency, which helps to reduce stocks and give consumers reduced legal risks during the transactions. It is easier to trace goods and manufacturing companies thus making transactions safer (Khosrowpou 45). Due to the changes in information technology, there has emerged a digital firm. This means that the relationship between the consumers and the manufacturers has been digitized. As a matter of fact, consumers can communicate directly with their employees.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This has also been extended to the suppliers and the employees. Today consumers can communicate directly with the members of the supply chain thus improving business. In addition, many critical business processes are now accomplished through the networks, which have been digitized. Most of the business functions and processes are now controlled using the digital technology (Gilman and Carl 57). The emergence of digital firm has also contributed to agile and response sensing to the environmental changes. Form instance, the consumer problems, and issues can be responded to in an effective manner. This helps to improve the image of the business in addition to attracting more consumers to the business. It is assumed that consumers cannot be forced to consume what they do not want. This is why some of the marketers consider consumers to be the kings of the business entities. For this reason, the digital technology has helped in the attraction of many consumers to the businesses. In addit ion to this, many businesses, which consider the e-markets, have achieved huge returns. The future management is thus based on e- markets, which have been enhanced by the innovations in technology. Today many key corporate assets are managed through the digital technology. This has reduced the human personnel, which is very costly. Moreover, the cost of labor has also been reduced tremendously as a result of emergence of new technologies. This has been as a result of seamless information flow, which has been made easier by the new technology. Most of the industrial processes such as banking are now done through the ability of a digital technology. A good example is how the banking industry has been changed in the global stage. It has changed to the point that all its functions can now be done through the digital technology. This has helped to improve business and also reduced all the problems, which occur in business (Khosrowpour 122). The digital technology thus helps information s ystems to reduce all the delays, which may be found within the supply chain. This is made easier by reduction of the visits of customers in the business. In addition, through automation and precision of information helps errors, which occur in calculation, are reduced to a great extend. Through the improved automation of processes, it becomes easier to send information faster and also reduce costs, which occur during information send of. The wireless retain shops are a good example of shops which reduce shrinkage and improve connection of businesses with the consumers. In addition, they also reduce the costs of handling of the goods to the consumers (Stair and George 154). Change management in a business One of the most successful forms of management is known as change management. It is characterized with innovation strategy, which helps to implement new policies and help in the achievement of the long term goals for the business. Innovation management helps to manage portfolios and projects in a business thus improving the service delivery. Many projects are very complex but with the innovation of new information systems, it is easier to delegate duties within a supply chain. This is enhanced by through effective communication and creation of a platform for information flow within the chain. It is thus a general fact, that information systems have become a source of complacency within an organization (Schultz 155). In order for management to have change, they should develop principles, which shall be the constant remainder of change within the supply chain. The principles should be in line with the vision of the organization and also help to reduce the obstacles, which might occur within a business. The systems of governance should also be changed to improve the effectiveness of supply chain. Moreover, the structures of operation are one of the most critical things within a management and they can only be improved through changing of the information technolog y. These can be done through adaption to the current information systems, which are beneficial for the success of the business (Stair and George 77). The management of any organization faces many problems, which occur during the implementation of the projects for the business. One of the problems, which occur in the management of a business entity, is the lateness of project completion. This is caused by lack of systems, which help to speed up the processes of implementation of the long term goals. Secondly, costs, which increase due to late deliverances and slower imposition of delegated duties, are also a major problem to the business administration. In addition, when many goals and projects have been put together, they also contribute in the lack of implementation of a policy. On the other hand, when there is an information system in an organization the management can perform many tasks at a single time thus enhance flow of information (Huber 177). Through the internet, many comp anies are able to utilize many ways of innovating new products and come up with inventions, which shall help business to succeed and be competitive. Through information systems, it is easier to engage a variety of stakeholders in development and design of new products. This is achieved through cooperation with the consumers who define the kind of products they need. Additionally, through information on the latest technologies to develop a specific product, it also becomes easier to a design and develops a new product. Supplies and other individuals may also be engaged in the development of new products and this enhances the process of innovation within a business (Daft 165). Outsiders in a business offer many insights in the development of new products and this enhances the flow of information. Companies can reduce costs through taking new products into the markets, which have the potential. It is therefore important for any successful business to effectively manage its products and thus improve its chances for success. This is through making of connections with companies and businesses of high profiles and stature. It is thus indispensable for any individual to argue that internet connectivity helps to improve the chances for success. It is thus a fact that every business should embrace internet connectivity in order to improve the chances of success and also improve its income level. In order to perform a variety of tasks within the same time, companies should implement the information systems infrastructure and thus improve the chances of success within the management. This is because expanding the frontiers of automation and innovation helps to perform tasks more efficient. The supply chain technologies help in the achievement of faster products and also having the best results because these technologies help to improve the processes. Due to the changing system of management many global and renowned companies such as General Motors, General Electric and ev en Wal-Mart stores are using the automation technologies to speed up the flow of information from one supply chain to the other (Stair and George 155). The management for companies should be engaged in fostering for innovations in the international market. This can be done through submission of ideas and information into the business models. Through engagement with the consumers, information flow is made easier and this encourages businesses to trade information in a quick manner. The management of the successful companies has now understood that understanding the problems of the consumers is one of the ways, which helps to boost the economic status for business. It is therefore important to ensure valuation of offerings through experimentation of different individuals within the market. This helps to attract many consumers and also increase the status of the business among the competitors (Huber 127). Through the usage of information systems in the strategic management, it is easy to visualize the role of information flow. Many business-to-business sites have specialized agents who help in the management of the information, which is vital for the survival of the business. In addition, there are also directories, which help to provide the management with the necessary information, which is needed for the business survival. Through the process of digitization, companies are able to maximize the use of information through creation of by products and thus increase the capital base for the company. This helps to reshape the approaches of merchandise and also contribute in increasing profitability (Stair and George 125). Information systems also help in expansion of business models. This is because of innovations and product differentiation strategies, which help in the creation of new products in the market. Companies should thus choose the model of competitive advantage to other competitors. In addition, the information systems also provide companies with the pla tform to be more productive and also come up with products, which shall help the business to succeed in the long run. Information systems also help companies with project phases though performing of different functions, which help business to succeed. Business information system is basically based on the use of information technology in the management of information within the business enterprise. In that regard, those assigned the duties of managing the business information systems; that is, the business information system managers should possess the required expertise in information technology. Generally, information can be considered as a contemporary phenomenon, which has drastically transformed the manner in which business activities are carried out all over the globe (Daft 167). In order to succeed in the present business world, which is basically highly competitive, it is of great essence to make use of effective business information systems, which are considerably modern. Bu siness information system affects the manner in which firms undertake their marketing, as well as the manner in which communicate within the business entity. In addition, the business information systems dictate the process along with urgency through which the employees accomplish their jobs within the modern business organizations. It is in that perspective that the business information system managers out to develop special softwares which meet the specified industry standards and assist in ensuring that the best practices are applied in the carrying out of business management. Moreover, information system managers should be in the position of constantly changing the business face in their day-to-day operations through the use of information technology. Effective business information systems assist the contemporary business organizations in making impressive strides in the realization of operational efficiency. The human resources’ effectiveness is also achieved through the utilization of standardized business information systems (Schultz 22). Information gathering along with information storage, as well as, dissemination is presently undertaken through the use of personal computers. In that regard, it is evident that the emerging novel business information systems have changed the manner in which internal operations within the business organization are carried out. Furthermore, the business information systems managers should appropriately make use of the advancing communication technology procedures. It is of great essence to remain updated with the innovations occurring within the information technology sector so as to survive within the contemporary business world (Gilman and Carl 43). The advances being experienced within the cellular phone expertise have revolutionized the processes through which business persons communicate with their suppliers, strategic partners, clients, as well as employees. In addition, the internet is set to revolutionize the marketing function on top of opening up numerous communication options. The novel, innovative applications featured within the smart phones, which have introduced recently have transformed the manner in which business information system is carried out. The smart phones facilitate the establishment of online customer relations management applications, which can even be utilized within the small business enterprises (Daft 63). For instance, potential customers can easily obtain information online through the smart phones without making physical visits to the respective business organizations’ premises. Nevertheless, even though the information technology applied in the management of business information system is associated with bringing about success to the business organization, it is vital to note that there are several unique costs, which are put into consideration prior to implementing the preferable information technology solutions. On top of considering the anticipa ted costs, it is also essential to ensure that the implementation process is carried out by highly qualified professionals who are capable of undertaking the maintenance, expansion, monitoring along with repair of the IT infrastructure. It is vital to note that certain information systems are too complex to be implemented and they consume a lot of time in the implementation process (Khosrowpour 122). There are various types of information technology tools, which the business information system managers can utilize. Database tools can be used in the management of business information systems. Databases assist in the organization of business information such that it becomes easily manageable, as well as, accessible. In addition, the databases facilitate easy updating of the stored information. For example, the business information system managers can establish customer’s databases containing their contact information, placed orders along with their preferences. Moreover, the bu siness information system personnel can also make use of data warehouses. Data warehouses refer to centralized information storage area, which is mostly utilized in the event that a single business entity possesses various business systems. Data warehouse also refers to the utilization of numerous information systems featured in diverse digital formats. Several business enterprises store, retrieve, and manage information through the digital asset management procedure. This system is considerably helpful while carrying out several business transactions online (Daft 163). However, the system is relatively technically complex and its task management procedures can only be carried out effectively by information technology specialists. The business information system personnel can also make use of data mining. Data mining basically refers to the process through which the collected data is sorted out so as to examine the emerging patterns. For example, through data mining, the business in formation system personnel can find out the most popular products. It can also be used in establishing the likelihood of a particular class of customers purchasing certain commodities from the firm. Moreover, while undertaking business information system management, it is of great essence to make use of reporting along with querying tools. These tools are helpful in the creation of reports, which indicate the manner in which the obtained data has been interpreted. For instance, the business information system personnel can make use of these tools to establish the volume of sales, which has been handled by a specific employee (Gilman and Carl 59). Furthermore, there are diverse web-base tools, which can be utilized in the management of the business information systems. The web-based tools are such as business intelligence portals, the internet along with search engines, intranet, extranet along with social software. Business intelligence portals refer to the websites, which comprise of various types of resourceful information, for instance, legal issues along with the newly introduced business research findings. The internet along with search engines has always acted as powerful knowledge sources. However, it is of great essence to note that not all the information available online is credible. Prior to drawing conclusions based on information obtained online, it is necessary to find out the credibility of such information. The credibility of the opinions of various online authors can be carried out by conducting a critical review of their previous works. On the other hand, intranet refers to the secure private networks, which are only used internally within the business premises (Schultz 74). On the other side, extranets are closely related to intranets but the significant difference between them is that that they can be utilized by both the customers, as well as, suppliers. Social software include of sites such as the wikis, social networking websites such as twitter or facebook, and blogs. The social software is specifically helpful because it facilitates the sharing of knowledge. The business information system personnel can obtain crucial information regarding the management of business information from the social software. Basically, wikis refer to the websites within which users are allowed to quickly publish, as well as, edit the featured information. This enables like-minded individuals to record comprehensive information. On the side of blogs, individuals share knowledge on diverse issues, which can also be related to business information system management with other persons. Informal communication while undertaking business management is carried through social networking websites. In the process of carrying out business information system management, the personnel should also make use of the diverse customer analysis tools (Daft 161). These tools comprise of the management software specially designed to make better the customer relationship with the business management. This management software is helpful in the formulation of customers’ profile database. It assists the management to reach the customers through various channels such as emails. The other mostly used customer analysis tool is the call-center system. In the event that the company sales are conducted through the telephone, a greater number of customers can be reached through the call-center system. Furthermore, website log-file review can be utilized to examine the rate at which the customers obtain information from the company website so as to formulate strategies, which can make the company website more effective. In general, the customer analysis tools can be used to make better customer service by identifying the kind of information, which should be available to them. Effective business information system also enables the systems file analysis to be done in an easy simple manner. It is also necessary to make use the Enterprise Reso urce Management (ERP) software while carrying out business information system management (Leon 45). Actually, as at present, various renowned companies have already purchased the ERP software. This specific software entails of diverse modules, which are designed in such a way that they can handle a certain business facet such as information management. These modules can turnout as helpful in the management of inventories, distribution along with accounting information, as well as human resources information. Every model functions as the information repository for all of the organization’s members. For instance, once applied within the CRM (Customer Relationship Management) along with sales data, it saves the much time usually spent in carrying out information sharing, as well as, database management (Leon 76). There are diverse examples of ERPs. Some of them are the 3i InfoTech, Sage ERP X3 along with the Oracle E-Business Suite. It is vital to bear in mind that the prices of this software are variable in relation to the business organization size, as well as the number of modules required. The critical segment of the business information system is the analysis of all of the obtained information. From the very start, there is need for the IT specialist dealing with the management of the business information system to comprehend the newly introduced information systems within the IT world. Moreover, IT specialist should be able to predict the information systems needs of a certain business entity and adjust the current information systems so that they can satisfy the established needs. Besides, the IT analysts should make better the information systems such that people feel comfortable while using them. Fortunately, there are diverse techniques, which the IT specialists can make put into use so as to undertake business information system management effectively (Khosrowpour 127). It is noteworthy to understand that discordance is emerging within the busin ess information system sector. There are various factors, which can be attributed to the emergence of discordance. These factors are such as the widening gap between the haves along with have is not. Another contributing factor is the disparity in the possession of Information Technology expertise. In addition, discordance is also brought about by privacy issues, as well as, security issues such as hackers along with contingency. Within the IT field, various aspects are viewed as security threats. It is thus necessary to ensure that the information system being utilized within the business entity is well secured. Most of the security threats are ignited by password weaknesses along with proliferation. Spywares along with adware also threaten the security of the information systems being utilized within the business enterprises. In order to establish a vibrant information system within the business organization, one has to seek the services of internet providers. It is through the in ternet that the information system users can take advantage of both intranet, as well as, extranet connections. However, the internet providers aggravate security issues further within the business information system management because in most of the occasions they deny the attacks launched within their systems by hackers thereby leaving their clients in darkness (Head 69). Cybercrime has also affected negatively on the security of business information systems. It is actually estimated that damages, which were brought about by issues related to cybercrime in the course of 2004, could reach the margin of 17.5 billion USD (United States Dollars), which was actual a 30% increase over the figure obtained in 2003. All in all, the business information system managers should remain aware of the fact that the more the devices incorporated within the system the lesser the privacy and the more insecure they become. In other words, the information systems, which utilize numerous devices, are m ore prone to attacks by hackers. Conclusion From the above discussion, it is clear that Information Technology is an important aspect in the business world. Nevertheless, despite the aforementioned setbacks associated with the use of the information technology in the management of the business information system, there are various tangible benefits, which the business entities can achieve by utilizing them in an effective manner (Head 89). The improved business performance associated with the use of information technology in the management of the business information system results to increased profit margins. Therefore, the business information personnel should formulate processes through which they can securely make use of information technology. Works Cited Daft, Richard L. Understanding Management. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2011. Print. Gilman, Lawrence J, and Carl D. McDaniel. The Future of Business: The Essentials. Mason, OH: South-Western Cenage Learning, 200 9. Print. Head, Simon. The New Ruthless Economy. Work and Power in the Digital Age. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2005. Print. Huber, Martin. Implications of Digitizing, Miniaturizing and Convergence in Media and Entertainment: Trendreport 2001. München: Center for Digital Technology and Management, 2001. Print. Khosrowpour, Mehdi. Web Technologies for Commerce and Services Online. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference, 2008. Print. Kurtz, Lee. Contemporary business. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2009. Print. Laudon, Kenneth C, and Jane P. Laudon. Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall, 2004. Print. Leon, Alexis. Enterprise Resource Planning. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill, 2008. Print. Rocheleau, Bruce. Public Management information systems. Hershey, PA: Idea Group Publishers, 2006. Print. Schultz, R. A. Contemporary issues in ethics and information technology. Hershey, PA: IRM Press, 2006. Print. Stair, Ralph M, an d George W. Reynolds. Principles of Information Systems: A Managerial Approach. Australia: Course Technology Cengage Learning, 2010. Print. This research paper on Information Systems for Managers was written and submitted by user Dorothy A. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Going Fishing

â€Å"Wake up, wake up!† My cousin told me. I looked at my watch to see what time it was. It was 4:00 in the morning. I got dressed and met my cousin Mike outside my tent. It was a cold day in the mountains in Colorado. As we grab are rods and reels I recommend we eat breakfast. My cousin Agrees after a bowl of cereal we head out. We stop at the truck to get the salmon eggs we are using for bait. We start about a quarter of a mile walk to lake. After what seems like thirty minutes we finally make it to the lake. We still have about an hour till the sunrise. We go to the spot where we think we will catch some fish. We bait our hooks with the orange salmon eggs that we are hoping will catch us a few rainbow trout. We cast our line out to the middle of the small lake. My cousin is the first to get a bite and to the first to real in a trout. As my cousin puts the fish on the stringer I catch one. My fish put a good fight. We both cast out lines once a again. We wait for about 15 minutes then my cousin pulls back on his fishing at about the same time I do. My cousin comments, â€Å"Our lines have to tangled or something.† AS we reeled in our lines we found they were not tangle, but that we both had fish. We both put our fish on the stringer on the stringer. About five minutes later I notes that the stringer is not tied around the rock, but that it is about ten feet from the shoreline. Its all most if the fish got up and Walked away like a child but stumble and could not get back up. Mike decides to go into the water to get the stringer. He wades into to the cold water to his knees. When he gets back to shore we decide that that is enough fishing for now. We walk back to the camp. When we get to camp we clean and cook the fish. We have the fish for lunch .... Free Essays on Going Fishing Free Essays on Going Fishing â€Å"Wake up, wake up!† My cousin told me. I looked at my watch to see what time it was. It was 4:00 in the morning. I got dressed and met my cousin Mike outside my tent. It was a cold day in the mountains in Colorado. As we grab are rods and reels I recommend we eat breakfast. My cousin Agrees after a bowl of cereal we head out. We stop at the truck to get the salmon eggs we are using for bait. We start about a quarter of a mile walk to lake. After what seems like thirty minutes we finally make it to the lake. We still have about an hour till the sunrise. We go to the spot where we think we will catch some fish. We bait our hooks with the orange salmon eggs that we are hoping will catch us a few rainbow trout. We cast our line out to the middle of the small lake. My cousin is the first to get a bite and to the first to real in a trout. As my cousin puts the fish on the stringer I catch one. My fish put a good fight. We both cast out lines once a again. We wait for about 15 minutes then my cousin pulls back on his fishing at about the same time I do. My cousin comments, â€Å"Our lines have to tangled or something.† AS we reeled in our lines we found they were not tangle, but that we both had fish. We both put our fish on the stringer on the stringer. About five minutes later I notes that the stringer is not tied around the rock, but that it is about ten feet from the shoreline. Its all most if the fish got up and Walked away like a child but stumble and could not get back up. Mike decides to go into the water to get the stringer. He wades into to the cold water to his knees. When he gets back to shore we decide that that is enough fishing for now. We walk back to the camp. When we get to camp we clean and cook the fish. We have the fish for lunch ....

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Morals and Legislation - Essay Example He argued that the hedonistic value of any human action is easily calculated by considering how intensely its pleasure is felt, how long that pleasure lasts, how certainly and how quickly it follows upon the performance of the action, and how likely it is to produce collateral benefits and avoid collateral harms. Taking such matters into account, we arrive at a net value of each action for any human being affected by it. All that remains, Bentham supposed, is to consider the extent of this pleasure, since the happiness of the community as a whole is nothing other than the sum of individual human interests. The principle of utility, then, defines the meaning of moral obligation by reference to the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people who are affected by performance of an action. Similarly, Bentham supposed that social policies are properly evaluated in light of their effect on the general well-being of the populations they involve. Punishing criminals is an effective way of deterring crime precisely because it pointedly alters the likely outcome of their actions, attaching the likelihood of future pain in order to outweigh the apparent gain of committing the crime. Thus, punishment must "fit" the crime by changing the likely perception of the value of committing it. A generation later, utilitarianism found its most effective exponent in John Stuart Mill. Raised by his father, the philosopher James Mill, on strictly Benthamite principles, Mill devoted his life to the defence and promotion of the general welfare. With the help his long-time companion Harriet Taylor, Mill became a powerful champion of lofty moral and social ideals. Mill's Utilitarianism (1861) is an extended explanation of utilitarian moral theory. In an effort to respond to criticisms of the doctrine, Mill not only argued in favor of the basic principles of Jeremy Bentham but also offered several significant improvements to its structure, meaning, and application. Although the progress of moral philosophy has been limited by its endless disputes over the reality and nature of the highest good, Mill assumed from the outset, everyone can agree that the consequences of human actions contribute importantly to their moral value. (Utilitarianism 1) Mill fully accepted Bentham's devotion to greatest happiness principle as the basic statement of utilitarian value: "... actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain, and the privation of pleasure." (Utilitarianism 2) But he did not agree that all differences among pleasures can be quantified. On Mill's view, some kinds of pleasure experienced by human beings also differ from each other in qualitative ways, and only those who have experienced pleasure of both sorts are competent judges of their relative quality. This establishes the moral worth of promoting higher (largely intellectual) pleasures among sentient beings even when their momentary intensity may be less than that of alternative lower (largely bodily) pleasures. Even so, Mill granted that the positive achievement of happiness is often

Reading report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Reading report - Essay Example It is important to understand that human beings are responsible for building and assembling of computers. For this reason, it is important to distinguish between a strong artificial intelligence and a weak intelligence. One of such critics is John Searle who describes strong artificial intelligence with regard to the computer is that it is able to formulate and test hypothesis in a more rigorous and precise fashion with very minimal errors. However, Searle points out that the basis of the strength and precision of computer is not the brain but the programs, which have been installed in the computer. This means that computers have cognitive states, which are much stronger and accurate compared to that of a human being. A Turing test is the ability of the computer or a machine to give and express intelligent behavior, which is almost equivalent and is indistinguishable from human beings. Allan Turing who aimed at determining if computers can think developed this concept in 1950 (John R . Searle 54). In his test, he was not refereeing to the ability of the machines offering the right answers to the question but how the answers are closely linked to human response. The test therefore did not consider audio receptions but relied on text only channels. The test relies on artificial intelligence since it involves machines in testing if the computer is able to give accurate and precise answers. As expected Allan Turing test did not go without criticism. From a philosophical point of view Descartes agrees with the Turing test on the basis of automation but he was quick to denounce the test on the basis that it human beings can think and give answers and that machines can give the right answers and cannot think. It therefore means that even though machines can interpret information and give the right answers that do not qualify them to be superior to human on the basis of thinking. In addition to this, Searle disagrees with the Turing test on the subject that even though computers can respond to different languages and give the correct answers, they only provided the right answers but without understanding and this is what distinguishes artificial intelligence with human intelligence. A human being can only respond to a language if he/she has an understanding of the language. However, machines can do this better with the help of coded programs does not mean that the computer understands the language. To support his concept, Searle performed a Chinese room test where an English native speaker man is placed in room and shown Chinese symbols. The man fails to understand the Chinese symbol and language through writings since he is not a Chinese speaker. In the second test, the same man is given the same symbols but this time with interpreted English codes, which gives the meaning of the words and the man, begins to relate the English words with the Chinese symbols. Searle calls this the question and answer technique. If a Chinese native speaker is taken through the same test, similar results will be produced and it will be difficult to distinguish between answers from the English and Chinese speakers. We therefore conclude that the English native speaker has been able to answer Chinese questions even though he does not understand them. This does not make the human being intelligent since he has been able to answer questions that he does not understand. It is the coding of the English and C

Summary of May the circle stay unbroken Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary of May the circle stay unbroken - Essay Example iteness† is frequently portrayed in visual formats but never discussed as an actual component with relevant racial positioning within society (Chidester, 2008). Chidester also addresses how the â€Å"whiteness† has assumed a strong racial position that is able to preserve a critical role in present-day American racial political arenas because it remains an unspoken subject (2008). This summary will highlight the major aspects of Chidester’s arguments as presented within the article and factors that the author believes has or will disseminate the air of invisibility that has historically cloaked the concept of â€Å"whiteness† (2008). The article continues to point out the historical implications of this concept in that the invisibility of the concept also empowered it and carried an assumption of privilege that may not bear the scrutiny of a public outing (Chidester, 2008). It is postulated that visual conceptualization of the concept will help minimalize the political power structured around it, which may fixate it and diminish its overall power (Chidester, 2008). Chidester continues to argue that visual media tends to represent â€Å"whiteness† as a moniker of privilege and reinforces the concept’s claim to the right to uphold its core sense of â€Å"purity† against other races by limiting and regulating contacts with the â€Å"racialized Other† (2008, p.160). The role of Friends as an example of a consistent portrayal of â€Å"whiteness† despite the absence of any racial context is highlighted as an example of the absence of â€Å"whiteness† through rhetoric (Chideste r, 2008). The consortium of racially and socio-economically homogenous cohorts despite being set in one of the most racially diverse cities in the world is emphasized throughout the sitcom through reinforcement of the closed circle, which symbolizes the exclusivity or â€Å"whiteness† without ever mentioning the concept (Chidester, 2008). NBC’s partnering of Friends with Seinfeld in their

Waste allowance of muna building

Waste allowance of muna building Introduction Waste is any substance or object(s) the holder discards or intends to discard. Any material which is perceived to have no further use is waste.Waste becomes more a product because of the cost and location of aggregates and other new materials and also because of the cost of disposal. These two factors drive the definition of waste. If you have easy availability of landfill and large quantities of aggregate close at hand you will not get a premium on the use of recycled materials. Concept of construction waste Construction waste consists of unwanted material produced directly or incidentally by the construction or industries. This includes building materials such as insulation, nails, electrical wiring, and rebar. Much building waste is made up of materials such as bricks, concrete and wood damaged or unused for various reasons during construction. Observational research has shown that this can be as high as 10 to 15% of the materials that go into a building, a much higher percentage than the 2.5-5% usually assumed by quantity surveyors. Efficacy of waste allowance The following benefits can be achieved if estimators use waste allowance while pricing:- Ø Cost savings Ø Financial benefits Ø Financial benefits Ø Identify the actual cost. Ø Uses materials efficiently Ø Uses materials efficiently Ø Ensure that waste issues are considered and addressed Ø Comparing against estimates and targets (Reducing_Material_Wastage_in_Construction.3b4442f9.4711.pdf,http://www. longworthconsulting.co.uk ) Encouraging Prevention of Construction Waste In general the environmental advantages of using reclaimed or recycled materials are greatest if the material or product is used in the highest grade application possible. For example one should process demolition rubble and use it as aggregate for a new concrete rather than just using it for fill. Waste arriving methods in construction materials Flooring:- cutting of floor tiles to fit room layouts Ceilings:- cutting of ceiling tiles and fixing to fit room layouts Insulations: -cutting of insulation boards to fit openings Tiling: -cutting of floor and wall tiles to suit design and rooms shapes Paving::-cutting of paving slabs to fit layout To reduce waste on construction sites certain general recommendations may be made, e.g. Ø Need to critically assess the quantities ordered Ø Review the ordering procedures Ø Manage deliveries Ø Protect materials during storage Ø Only take the material that is needed Ø Return surplus materials to stores Ø Protect materials at the work-site The Different Waste Types Visible Waste What you see in the skip. Process Waste Badly designed procedures or working practices that lead to inefficiency, ineffectiveness and errors. Waiting and searching for someone/something/information is a big invisible waste. Transaction Waste Transactions are people-to-people activities such as communications, excessive planning/discussions and delayed project handovers. The idea of lost time is an invisible waste. The waste produced by the construction industry is not just a burden on the environment and the ecological system, but it is also a huge cost to the industry itself. For example: Ø Transport cost of excess material to site Ø Cleaning and collection of excess material and waste Ø Transport of waste from the building site Ø Waste disposal costs Ø Better project planning: planning of material requirements (exact quantities), planning of material deliveries to site and planning of material usage Ø Organized waste disposal Ø Increasing the level of recycling of construction waste Solving the problems of waste disposaltouches many vendors involved in the construction project: the owner, designers, contractors, etc. It starts from making it a concern already at initial stages of the project planning and continuing it through the design phase. Contractors and sub-contractors can play their part by better project planning which will also reduce their material and waste disposal costs bringing them a direct financial benefit. Reduce Ø Reduce the amount of money spent on waste. Ø Reduce waste disposal costs, e.g. handling charges, transport and taxes/levies. Ø Reduce the amount of raw material used. Ø Reduce the amount of waste on site. Ø Reduce transport of waste movements to recycling centres or landfill. Ø Reduce the amount of effort used to do a repetitive job. Improve Ø Improves efficiency on-site. Ø Influence worker habits while a relative degree of choice exists for disposal costs/options. Ø Better jobsite tidiness = improved health and safety. Ø Improves the site image. Ø Improves site management processes. (Construction_waste,) Table 1 Compare The West Allowance For Three Published Sources WORKS WESSEX PRICE BOOK(%) LAXTONS PRICE BOOK(%) SPONS PRICE BOOK(%) D Groundwork 5-10 % 5 40 % Add in to total E In situ concrete/Large precast concrete 2-12.5 % 2.5 15 % Add in to total F Masonry 1.5-5 % 2.5 15 % Add in to total G Structural/Carcassing Metal/Timber 2.5-5 % 2.5 10 % Add in to total H Cladding/Covering 2.5-10% 2.5 10 % Add in to total J Waterproofing 2-10 % 2.5 20 % Add in to total K Linings/Sheathing/Dry partitioning 2-10 % 2.5 20 % Add in to total L Windows/Doors/Stairs 2.5-10 % 2.5 10 % Add in to total M Surface finishes 2.5-10 % 5 50 % Add in to total N Furniture/Equipment 2.5-10 % 2.5 25 % Add in to total P Building fabric sundries 2.5-10 % 2.5 20 % Add in to total Q Paving/Planting/Fencing/Site furniture 2.5-10 % 2.5 40 % Add in to total R Disposal systems 2.5-10 % 1 15 % Add in to total S Piped supply systems 2.5-10% 2 10 % Add in to total T Mechanical heating/Cooling/Refrigeration systems 2-10 % 1 5 % Add in to total U Ventilation/Air-conditioning systems 5 % 2.5 % Add in to total V Electrical systems 5% 2.5 15 % Add in to total W Security systems 2.5-5% 2.5 % Add in to total Conclusion Waste allowance, the third essential element of a bill of materials, is important because during construction a certain amount of material is wasted due to cutting, fitting, and handling. For example, lumber comes in standard lengths which seldom can be used without cutting and fitting. Sometimes the piece of lumber cut off is used, but more often it goes into the scrap heap. Another example is mortar sand which is normally stored at the job site. The sand on the bottom of the pile cannot be picked up without some earth getting in it. This generally makes the sand unusable and therefore wasted. Waste allowance must be included in a bill of material to cover unavoidable losses. Allowance percentage is based on the function of the items, when developing waste allowance multiply the total quantity of any one particular part. Here spons price book didnt mention waste allowance separately Because that s included in total all in rate. Here my comparing purpose i used three published sources (Spons Architects And Builders Price Book, Laxtons building price book, Wessex price book) for finished this task, If we consider all works there is slide different for all three sources. So I recommended percentage waste allowance is most reliable for building works. Construction Industry Joint Council (CIJC) Working Rule Agreement The Working Rules Agreement (WRA) is published by the Joint Council for the Building Civil Engineering Industry (NI). The WRA contains the promulgated wages, allowances, holiday pay and pension entitlements together with a variety of other basic terms and conditions of employment. It forms the basic contract of employment for the industry. The WRA is incorporated by express reference in the standard Statement of Main Terms and Conditions of Employment. The working rules Part of the cost of labour is naturally the actual wages paid to the workers carrying out the productive work. The workers are generally referred to as operatives and we will return to the idea of productive work later in the chapter. The remainder of the cost of labour is made up of a number of payments which the builder must make and which are a direct result of employing operatives. Table -2 -Type of works relevant rules Type Rule Work in difficult conditions WR1 Bonus WR2 Working hours WR3 Overtime WR4 Daily fare and travel allowance WR5 Rotary shift working WR6 Night work WR7 Continuous working WR8 Tide work WR9 Tunnel work WR 10 Refuelling,servicingmaintenance WR 11 Storage of tools WR12 Loss of clothing WR 13 Transfer arrangements WR14 Subsistence allowance WR15 Period leave WR16 Guaranteed miniweekly earnings WR17 Annual holidays WR18 Sick pay WR20 Benefit schemes WR21 For my comparing purpose here also i take three public sources (Spons Architects And Builders Price Book, Laxtons building price book, Wessex price book).Here i mention Wessex price book example calculation ( under Construction Industry Joint Council (CIJC) Working Rule Agreement)- Table 3 Calculation of labour cost CIJC award Annual Cost of wages Craftsman Labourer Flat time 1893,8hrs,at 9.00 17044.20 at 6.77 12821.03 Non- productive overtime 65.5 hrs at 9.00 589.50 at 6.77 443.44 Public holidays 63.0 hrs at 9.00 567.00 at 6.77 426.51 Holiday pay allowance 176.0 hrs at 9.00 1584.00 at 6.77 1191.52 Sick pay 5 days at 18.72 93.60 at 18.72 93.60 Plus rate 2022.3 hrs at 9.83 - At- 19878.30 14976.09 Employes national insurance 12.80% 2544.42 12.80% 1916.94 Training allowance 0.50% of paye 99.39 At 0.50% 74.88 22522.11 16967.91 Severance pay other statutory costs 2.00% 450.44 2.00% 339.36 22972.56 17307.27 Total cost of productive hours 2.00% 459.45 2.00% 346.15 23432.01 17653.41 Total labour cost per hour 12.625 9.512 Effect of 10p/h pls rate on total cost pr hr 0.1284 0.1284 Wessex price book: 23rd edition (2006), Wessex Electronic Publishing Limited Conclusion The CIJC Working Rule Agreement will be recognized as Public Holidays for the purposes of the employees Employer. WRA provide flexible working hrs ,over time bonus.If we calculating all in rate (plant, material labour) we must follow the working rule agreement.

Parking Deck Project Of University ______________ Essay -- essays rese

Parking Deck Project of University   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The University of ________________ has been confronted with claims of parking shortages over the past several years. Many of these claims were not supported by any facts or figures that explained the cause of the parking shortages. In fact, some of the claims of insufficient parking were based on students not being able to locate parking spaces in the parking lots adjacent to their first class. Due to recent and projected enrollment increases, there now exist a genuine parking shortage. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the current parking, plan for future parking needs, and propose possible locations for increased parking spaces at the University of ____________.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The 1996 enrollment for the University of ______________ is 4,960. The enrollment increased approximately twelve (12) students from the 1995 enrollment. There are currently 2,303 total parking spaces on University property. The University Master Plan recommends one parking space for every 1.8 students. The student enrollment, (divided by) the number of students per parking space, (equals) the number of recommended parking spaces. 1996 Enrollment ........................ 4,960 Students Per Parking Space......... / 1.8 (Divided by) Recommended Parking Spaces... = 2,756 Recommended Parking Spaces.. 2,756 Current Parking Spaces.............. - 2,303 (Minus) Shortage of Parking Spaces...... = 453 The number of Students Per Parking Space ( 1.8 ) is based on a national average of University parking. This formula shows that the University is currently deficient 453 parking spaces.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The existing parking areas are positioned at various locations on the campus of the University. These parking lots vary in size from 6 to 294 spaces. Many of the parking areas are located in the heart of the University. This allows for easy accessibility but it takes away from the aesthetic beauty of the campus. The existing parking areas also cause traffic congestion in their immediate area. The majority of the parking lots are located on streets that have limited access or the exits do not allow for an easy transition into existing streets.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Planning for the future growth of the University of __________________ ... ... campus.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The cost of the parking would be held to a minimum. This is due to the small amount of excavation that would be needed to prepare the site for building. The parking deck would only need a few levels do to its large area. It would also be easy to build the structure so that more level additions would be possible. All of these options give the University the flexibility to build a parking deck that is economically feasible.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This study has reviewed the existing parking facilities and their capabilities at the University. It has also discussed the present and future parking shortages that it is facing. It has attempted to conform to the Master Plan of the University and shown methods to eliminate the parking dilemma. Hopefully all of these ideas can be reviewed and implemented to improve the overall beauty and efficiency of the University of ____________________. BIBLIOGRAPHY University of _____________________ Master Plan. Arcy Thomas J.,1994., The Dimensions of Parking., ULI-the Urban Land Institute. Branch Melville C., 1983., Comprehensive City Planning., American Planning Association.

Zara International Case Study

Zara International was a retail shop originated in La Coruna, Spain in 1975. It was clothing and accessories shop and imitated the latest fashion trends and sold them at a lower cost. It became Zara International after entering Portugal in 1988 and then the United States and France in the 1990s. The distributor for this brand is Inditex and is considered the most successful retail chain in the world. Zara has a business strategy that is very different from the retailers nowadays.If a customer orders a product Zara’s distribution centers can have the items in the store within 24 to 48 hours of receiving the order, depending upon the country. The business plan that Zara’s executives made was very innovative and played a great part in the success of this retail chain. Not only has it been successful and profitable in the past, they are successful in the present and have been expanding their brand all over the world Zara International’s business strategy has elements of classical management approach.Classical Management approach has the assumption that people at work act in a rational manner that is primarily driven by economic concerns. This approach has three major branches: Scientific management, administrative principles and bureaucratic organization. Scientific Management Frederick W. Taylor used the concept of time study which is to analyze the motions and tasks required in any job and to develop the most efficient ways to perform them. His first principle was motion study which is the science of reducing a job or task to its basic physical motions.This concept was clearly evident in Zara International’s case. Time is the main factor that is considered by Zara International as opposed to production costs and advertisements. According to Schermerhorn (2010), â€Å"Parent company Inditex Group shortens the time from order to arrival by a complex system of just-in-time production and inventory reporting that keeps Zara ahead (p. 54)à ¢â‚¬  It is only possible if Zara has skilled workers and the required training to train these workers with the ability to send the product within 24 hours of receiving an order in the European store and 48 hours in American and Asian stores.This is evidence of using the principles two and three of Scientific Management. All this requires careful planning which is the fourth principle of scientific management. Administrative Principles: Henri Fayol’s administrative principles are also clearly seen in Zara International’s case. Zara had a foresight of what it was doing will create profit. It did not spend any money on advertising but instead on being efficient and on time on its production. With no advertising the company made a profit of $10 billion in sales which were overwhelming.The CEO of Inditex Pablo Isla seems to have great organization and leadership in gaining profit for the business. Zara international also applies a Behavioral Management approach in doing b usiness. According to Schermerhorn (2010), â€Å"The behavioral approaches maintain that people are social and self actualizing. † (p. 38) Instead of advertising their brand Zara makes sure that the interiors and exteriors of the stores are up to date and designed based on the location. They focus on what people are demanding and keeping in mind their social and cultural needs.It also keeps a close watch on the latest trends and the buying behavior of customers. Zara’s strategy of being successful consists of various factors. Zara has succeeded by doing business according to customer’s needs and buying behavior. Their different approach in production approach is another factor. They have created a very efficient link in between their management principles and social environment. Their use of complex systems of just in time production has played a major role in its success. Zara also has believed in cutting expenses wherever and whenever possible and has done tha t in an intelligent way.Their strategy of inventory control is also worth applauding. By using this distinctive thinking Zara has been successful amongst the fashion world. The latest trends in the competitive apparel industry are companies going digital. Reinvention of fashion runways and then use of social media in publicizing the latest fashion is a hot trend. Use of mobile devices such as smartphones and iPads for shopping for the convenience of customers is also a very hot trend. There are also virtual dressing rooms and interactive store windows that make shopping for apparel easier (Agathou, 2012. Zara has also started to come up with innovations to stay in the competition. Zara International has launched its online store in Mainland, China (Inditex to launch, 2012). Zara has also expanded its stores internationally by entering South Africa this year (Kew, 2012). Zara International will definitely continue to do well with the business strategy. However it will still have to a dapt to the changes in the global economy and plan their business strategies according to the customers and clientele. It will do well since it is expanding internationally and also adapting the latest technologies.Zara International has gained huge success by following the classical management approach and the behavioral management approach. Inditex has used a distinctive business strategy in their production and inventory control. Even in the competitive trends in apparel industry, Zara will survive in the competition if it continues to do business according to the clients’ needs and wants. BIBLIOGRAPHY (2012, September 4). Inditex to launch Zara’s online store in Mainland, China. www. fibre2fashion. com. Retrieved from http://www. fibre2fashion. com/news/apparel-news/newsdetails. spx? news_id=115305 Agathou, Amalia. (2012, June 30). 6 Hot Digital Trends transforming the fashion industry. Insider. Retrieved from http://thenextweb. com/insider/2012/06/30/6-hot-digital -trends-transforming-the-fashion-industry/ Kew, Janice. (2012, August 27). Zara Enters South Africa as Foreign Brands Seek Growth. Bloomsberg Businessweek. Retrieved from http://www. businessweek. com/news/2012-08-27/zara-enters-south-africa-as-foreign-brands-seek-growth Schermerhorn Jr. , John R. (2010). Management. Management Learning Past to Present. (pp. 31-56)

The Treaties following WWI and its effects essays

The Treaties following WWI and its effects essays The restless state in Europe after World War I can be attributed to the poorly established peace treaties. The peace treaties of 1919 through the 1920s developed common ideas in order to prevent a future war and settle disputes. Agreements to disarm amongst nations provided a sense of security, especially after the Treaty of Versailles. However, the idealistic notions of the peace treaties proved unsuccessful, as none of the nations wanted to disarm first. Many treaties that followed the First World War were also created in order to make sure the stronger powers would not dominate. Because large amounts of damages were done, especially on the French territory, harsh reparations for Germany seemed reasonable as peacemakers and politicians saw this as restoring the balance of power. Although the attempts to make peace were evident, the ideals of the peace treaties enabled more problems to arise and eventually led to the Second World War. The first step to establishing peace was to disarm, and limit the size of militaries. Clemenceau believed that the Treaty of Versailles of 1919 was created in order to save Germany from aggression. The treaty wanted Germany to limit her army to 100,000 men, along with other burdening reparations. By forcing Germany to disarm, Clemenceau believed that there was room for restoration of peace in Europe. Contrary to Clemenceaus belief, Hitler thought of the treaty as a burden, but believed that when harsh reality hit, Germany can regain confidence. Germany signed a blank cheque, and an atmosphere of hatred and resentment of the treaty and politicians built up over the years. This then became Hitlers motivation to break ties with the treaty. Britain, USA and Japan were also involved in a military agreement. Growing tensions in the Pacific made USA weary about Japanese interest in the East. The Washington Naval Treaty agreed upon limiting the size o...

Torture during the Algerian War and its relevance on the War on Terror

Torture during the Algerian War and its relevance on the War on Terror During the Algerian War of Independence (1954-1962), the French forces mercilessly tortured their opponents. Although the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) also tortured their enemies, the French military use of torture was more widespread.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Torture during the Algerian War and its relevance on the War on Terror specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Torture is defined as â€Å"any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him, or a third person, punishing him for an act he or a third person has done†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (United Nations, para.3). The French experience during the Algerian war proves that the use of torture, though regrettable, is important to defeat successfully terrorist organizations around the world. Therefore, is the use of torture justifiable in some instances? The military combat of the FLN was being propelled by self-determination and the French state was equally determined to win the war. The French forces did not acknowledge that the colonial conflict was indeed a war, as this would recognize their opponents as a legitimate entity; therefore, it was until August 1999 that they stopped calling it â€Å"fight against terrorism.† That is why although France was bound by the Geneva conventions it had signed in 1951; it consistently used brutal warfare tactics in fighting against the FLN. As shown by the experience of the French military during the Algerian war, torture is a good way of gaining timely and relevant information from terrorists. For example, in an imaginary situation when a terrorist has planted a nuclear bomb in Washington City, the detonation is going to take place in the next forty-five minutes, and cause widespread destruction. However, when the terrorist is captured, although he knows the exact location of the bomb, he is not g iving any relevant information. What is the best thing to do in such a scenario? Is he left to go scot-free because torturing him will interfere with his â€Å"human rights?† If the individual is not forced to give out the vital information, then thousands of innocent lives are at risk. In such an instance, the choice of the use of torture is allowable in order to acquire certain life-saving information that could not be retrieved easily. Therefore, the use of torture as a tool in the global War on Terror is important in defeating terrorist groups around the world. Concerning this issue, Levin states, â€Å"there are situations in where torture is not only permissible, but morally mandatory† (para.2). Levin illustrates how liberal societies do not allow the use of torture, and how other governments fear the fury of the United Nations if they are suspected of using or even planning to use it; however, he gives a different opinion on this attitude. Levin terms the use of torture as â€Å"a weapon that is important in winning the War on Terror.† At one point, he addresses the above imaginary situation by saying, â€Å"if you caught the terrorist, could you sleep nights, knowing that millions died because you could not bring yourself to apply the electrodes?† (para.4). Some people argue that the use of torture against terrorists is unconstitutional; however, the thousands of lives lost after a terrorist incident far outweighs issues of constitutionality.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More More so, is the use of torture barbaric? The many innocent lives lost due to negligence is more barbaric (Buchanan, para.2).Therefore, the use of torture is permissible in extreme cases since in some intricate situations, it is a matter of balancing between mass murder and the life of one or a few people. As Levin puts it, â€Å"letting millions of innocents die in deference to one who flaunts his guilt is moral cowardice, unwillingness to dirty one’s hands† (para.4). According to this statement, if harsh interrogation tactics can be used as a way of protecting the lives of the innocent, then no one should shy from using them when it is necessary. When a nation fails to use torture, it puts thousands of lives at risk due to terrorist threats. This makes the nation to portray the same cowardice being portrayed by the terrorists. During the Algerian war, the French military did not shy off from torturing the terrorists who were potentially dangerous. If these harsh tactics could be used, then the strategies used by terrorists to wreak havoc could have been discovered by now. Assuming that a victim does not die after he or she has been harshly interrogated, the victim will less likely commit the same crime. Currently, most of the interrogation methods available are laughable and dumb. The French soldiers successively used torture to extract vital information from their opponents. These punishments were meant to ensure that the victims either co-operated with them or confessed some of the enemy schemes. In some circumstances, the use of torture, besides being essential, is the only available option. For example, in 1994, an Israeli was held captive by some Palestinian terrorists. After searching for clues, the Israeli police detained the driver of the car, which was used for carrying out the attack. For them to get the information about the whereabouts of the kidnappers, they were compelled to torture the driver to extract some useful information from him. This is just one example of how torture as played a significant role in the war against terrorism. The Algerian war induced the French military to use torture against its opponents. The French troops were in a difficult situation since most of the time it was not easy to differentiate their opponents from civilians at first sight. This situation was worsened by the fact that their opponents rarely wore easily identifiable war clothes. More so, the civilians were well informed of enemy movements; thus, most of the time they were under suspicion from the French military.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Torture during the Algerian War and its relevance on the War on Terror specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During the war, every French soldier was obliged to be alert and give all the relevant information about the enemy by collecting all the vital intelligence information (Branche, 548). Therefore, to achieve this, the soldiers sometimes tortured their opponents. Against this background, torture was permitted as a way of combating the increasing threat of terrorists’ activities. Though the use of harsh tactics is regrettable, it is good way of gathering intelligence information about the movement of terrorists around the world. Another reas on why the French used torture during the Algerian war was to provide it with all the necessary resources for the protection of its citizenry. When a country wants to preserve a strong national security, it is obliged to use harsh interrogation methods as the best alternative. In a situation when torture is used, prompted by the urge to save innocent lives, by just getting vital information from one individual, then it should be justifiable. The nation of France had always upheld principles of freedom, from freedom of speech to freedom of religion. Nevertheless, when the safety of its citizens was under threat, it had to sacrifice some of its rights. This was to make the country as safe as possible because insurgents could easily enter the country from Algeria. These rights, which were sacrificed, ensured that its citizens at home and army in the combat zone were safe from acts of terrorism. As much as the use of harsh interrogations can be considered as an inhumane practice, it sho uld be used when the need arises. To fight the growing insurgency in the world, torture is a vital tool that can be used effectively to achieve this. The formal arguments against the use of torture are absolute; they state that it has no exceptions. This widely held statement is not true because it is a misguided opinion that always comes from social commentators. This type of absolutist has created a void between good intentions and good consequences. As mush as the use of torture sounds inhumane, it is necessary to defeat successfully terrorist organizations around the world. In extreme circumstances, as experienced by the French military, radical measures ought to be done to avoid mass murder. If this consists of making a terrorist to feel pain in order to preserve thousands of innocent lives, then it is permissible. However, it is important to note that torture is more beneficial when used as a means of preventing future evils, rather than as a form of punishment. Terrorism will not be completely obliterated from the face of the earth if individuals settle down and stop making efforts to win the War on Terror. The use of torture, in extreme cases, is one way of making efforts to win the war.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Branche, Raphaelle. â€Å"Torture of terrorists? Use of torture in a â€Å"war against terrorism†: justifications, methods, and effects: the case of France in Algeria.† International Review of the Red Cross 89.867 (2007): 543-560. Print. Buchanan, Patrick J. â€Å"The case for torture.† Worldnetdaily. 10 March 2010. Web. https://www.wnd.com/2003/03/17663/ Levin, Michael. â€Å"The case for torture.† People.brandeis. N.d. Web. http://people.brandeis.edu/~teuber/torture.html United Nations. â€Å"Convention against torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.† UN convention. 10 Dec. 1987. Web. https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/blog/document/convention-against-torture-and-other-cruel-inhuman-or-degrading-treatment-or-punishment-commentary/

The reliance upon technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The reliance upon technology - Essay Example Regardless of the individual device in question, the fact of the matter is that this societal shift impacts upon nearly every aspect of personal life and nearly every relationship that currently exists around the world. The pervasive paradigm shift that has been evidenced has occurred over the past 20 to 30 years has been hailed by many as a great move forward with regards to the overall capabilities and development of the human race. However, there is an alternate view as well; one which warns against the fact that many individuals within society are slowly but surely becoming addicted to the very technology that was initially intended to aid them in accomplishing tasks of different varieties. It is the belief of this author that neither of the sides to this debate has all of the facts or is utilizing them to the correct degree. Rather, technology, although a definite aid in accomplishing tasks that would otherwise take quite a while, has become something an addictive aid that threa tens to reprogram the way in which the human mind and creativity are evidenced; thereby decreasing human potential and creating an unhealthy co-dependence that is evidenced throughout current society and culture. Firstly, it does not take a great deal of analytical or scientific discovery to realize that the way in which technology has reshaped and classified our world is without question. Moreover, a sociological increase into the way in which technology has shifted interpersonal dynamics, relationships, and communication has been conducted by a variety of researchers and convincingly pointed to the fact that the current era of texting, instant messaging, Facebook et al has significantly decreased the amount of time that individuals spend in face-to-face communication and has moved society convincingly towards something of a more introverted nature (Carr 1). Although introversion in and of itself is not necessarily a poor character trait, it must be noted that the overuse and relia nce upon these technological tools which have already been discussed has created a dynamic by which formerly extroverted individuals are merely introverted and carrying out a great deal of interpersonal communication that one might otherwise carry out face-to-face via the Internet or other technologically enabled means. However, communication is not the only thing that suffers from an overdependence upon technology. As many have noted, memory recall and the perennial knowledge that any and all information can be readily retrieved has created a situation in which memory and the ability to recall tidbits of information are placed at a much lower premium than they might have been in an era in which the likes of Google or other prominent technological means by which data can be retrieved had existed. Again, it does not take a great deal of imagination to envision an era in which it was necessary for the schoolchild, or even societal shareholder, to be nominally familiar and remember suc h information as capitals of states, a rough understanding and appreciation for the order and number of presidents, how many chromosomes exists in human DNA, who the first woman in space was, for the year in which the state of Israel was created (Cottler 24). As can be seen, there is something to be said for the amount of memory recall that individual can possess and leverage as a means of readily interjecting key understandings and tidbits of fact, data, and history into conversations and pertinent situations. However, with an overdependence upon technology has, situation in which individuals have placed this premium of memory and recall far down on the list of priorities; choosing instead to

There are no circumstances under which child labour can ever be Essay

There are no circumstances under which child labour can ever be considered acceptable. To what extent can such a claim be justified Illustrate your answer with suitable evidence - Essay Example Child labour refers to the illegal practice of using children below a certain age for labour work. Despite of the fact that the legal and moral definition differs in some parts of the world but the basic idea is the same. Unfortunately, almost all the countries have been in the frontline to condemn and oppose child labor; however, very little has been done by these countries to actually prevent it and still today the numbers regarding child labour are alarming (Nangia, pp. 20-21, 1987). This paper is an attempt to look at the serious issue of child labor, and present some arguments, sufficient for opposing child labour under all possible circumstances. As mentioned in the introductory section of the paper as well that every child undergoes a process of emotional, physical, mental, social, and moral development under his introductory years of life. In fact, as psychology tells us that these years are crucial in determining the overall personality of that individual. Lessons learnt in these early years stay there forever and leave such significant impact that it becomes virtually impossible to separate a person from his or hr childhood influences. This explains why parents try their best to give their children an environment of understanding, comfort, mutual consensus, love, affection, care, consideration, devotion, and respect because they want them to learn and value all these things in their early childhood. The reason is that if they do it now, this would most probably stay with them until the rest of their lifetime (Gabalawi, pp. 54-55, 2009). Very common is to see a mother teaching his son the value of speaking truth and helpi ng others and a father telling her daughter the importance of unity and respecting their elders. More importantly, parents put in their maximum effort to keep their children out and away from any tough, stressful or